We present a language model consisting of a collection of costed bidirectional finite state automata associated with the head words of phrases. The model is suitable for incremental application of lexical asso- ciations in a dynamic programming search for optimal dependency tree derivations. We also present a model and algorithm for machine translation involving optimal "tiling" of a dependency tree with entries of a costed bilingual lexicon. Experimen- tal results are reported comparing methods for assigning cost functions to these mod- els. We conclude with a discussion of the adequacy of annotated linguistic strings as representations for machine translation.

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